Be sure to be able to identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in oxidation reduction reactions
Here is a worksheet for you to do
(instructions are to the right of the display)
Respiration terms matching game
Click on the terms and then their definitions/descriptions. If you are correct, they will disappear.
This is like the activity above, but click on the number (indicating order in sequence) and the step.
Videos with embedded questions
Give your name, where you are from and what most interests you about Biology. Also say whether what has helped you in online learning (even if it was just the end of Spring semester or a bit in high school).
Also list something that you think you can learn in this class that you can not learn simply by googling or by a you tube video
Finally, Say something about yourself (some hobby or interest for example) without actually naming the hobby or interest. This is like something that has been going around social media in which someone might say “Tell me you are from Michigan without telling me your are from Michigan” and someone else might respond “If someone asks me where I am from, I point at a place on my hand”. Note that there is a scientific reason to do this: You are giving evidence for something, rather than simply making a conclusion.
Put your answer as a reply.
I have to approve all posts, so you will not see your reply immediately.
Give your name, where you are from and what most interests you about Biology. Also say whether what has helped you in online learning (even if it was just the end of Spring semester or a bit in high school).
Also list something that you think you can learn in this class that you can not learn simply by googling or by a you tube video
Finally, Say something about yourself (some hobby or interest for example) without actually naming the hobby or interest. This is like something that has been going around social media in which someone might say “Tell me you are from Michigan without telling me your are from Michigan” and someone else might respond “If someone asks me where I am from, I point at a place on my hand”. Note that there is a scientific reason to do this: You are giving evidence for something, rather than simply making a conclusion.
Put your answer as a reply.
I have to approve all posts, so you will not see your reply immediately.
Give your name, where you are from and what most interests you about Biology. Also say whether what has helped you in online learning (even if it was just the end of Spring semester or a bit in high school).
Also list something that you think you can learn in this class that you can not learn simply by googling or by a you tube video
Finally, Say something about yourself (some hobby or interest for example) without actually naming the hobby or interest. This is like something that has been going around social media in which someone might say “Tell me you are from Michigan without telling me your are from Michigan” and someone else might respond “If someone asks me where I am from, I point at a place on my hand”. Note that there is a scientific reason to do this: You are giving evidence for something, rather than simply making a conclusion.
Put your answer as a reply.
I have to approve all posts, so you will not see your reply immediately.
Chapter 3 Objectives
The following exercise will help you recognize the key differences between carbohydrates and lipids.Click on the green flag and observe which structures are lipids and which are carbohydrates.
Click next and then click the appropriate button
Continue hitting next and choosing the correct button
Continue hitting next and choosing the correct button
Be able to distinguish primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
This can be difficult for people to remember. A few key points
Here is a protein structure review
Here are some exercises to help you understand the week 2 objectives
Be able to identify carbons and hydrogens in organic compounds
Watch this video
Be able to determine whether 2 structures are isomers and whether they are structural, geometric or enantiomeric isomers.
For 2 structures to be isomers, they have to have the same molecular formula
Watch the video. Note that geometric isomers are a type of diastereomers. Geometric isomers are distinguished by having a double bond and a different arrangement of atoms around he double bondd
Be able to identify functional groups.
Click on the green flag to start. The faster you do this, the higher your score
//scratch.mit.edu/projects/embed/112453626/?autostart=false
Be able to recognize and give functions for the following biomolecules: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Fats, phospholipids, steroids. Amino acids, proteins.
Give your name, where you are from and what most interests you about Biology. Also say whether what has helped you in online learning (even if it was just the end of Spring semester or a bit in high school).
Also list something that you think you can learn in this class that you can not learn simply by googling or by a you tube video
Finally, Say something about yourself (some hobby or interest for example) without actually naming the hobby or interest. This is like something that has been going around social media in which someone might say “Tell me you are from Michigan without telling me your are from Michigan” and someone else might respond “If someone asks me where I am from, I point at a place on my hand”. Note that there is a scientific reason to do this: You are giving evidence for something, rather than simply making a conclusion.
Put your answer as a reply.
I have to approve all posts, so you will not see your reply immediately.
Find an article on Covid 19 that interests you. Science Daily is one good site to find information, but any others that have scientific information are usuable.
Post a short summary here in your own words. Explain what the main question is and what the conclusions are Describe any methods used to answer the quesition.
Give the URL
I have to approve all articles, so you may not see your post right away.
To understand the basic energy rules, view the slideshow
Here is a video on thermodynamics and perpetual motion machines
Perpetual Motion machines and Thermodynamics
Enzymes: First watch this video
Know what substrates are and how they relate to enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Example what is the substrate in this enzyme catalyzed reaction
Lactose→Glucose + Galactose?
The enzyme in this reaction is lactase
Know how enzymes catalyze biological reactions, specifically their effects on activation energy.
Another concept in how enzymes speed up reactions is activation energy. Imagine you have a homework assignment due next week. You could do it now, or you could put it off until right before it is due. The activation energy is the energy needed to get the process started. Note that the homework might take you an hour whether you do it now or later. The activation energy is just what it takes to get started. Enzymes decrease activation energy as shown in the diagram in the link
Note that that the ΔG (The overall energy) does not change whether or not the enzyme is present. Enzymes also have no effect on the equilibrium of a reaction; adding an enzyme does not shift the reaction to the left or right. It does change how quickly the reaction reaches equilibrium.
A property of enzymes is that they become saturated at high enough substrate concentrations. You will explore that in this week’s lab.
(see link in this week’s reading. For some reason the link is not working from this site.)
Many drugs can inhibit enzyme function by binding to the active site. Here is an example
The key point here is that the inhibitor binds very strongly to the active site preventing the substrate from binding. Because both the inhibitor and substrate bind to the same site, the binding is said to be competitive. If the concentration of substrate increases, the inhibitor is less effective.
We have already mentioned active sites, they bind to the substrate(s) of a reaction. Some enzymes also have allosteric sites. These do not bind to substrates but they bind to compounds that can turn on (activators) or turn off (inhibitors) an enzyme as shown in this video
Allosteric regulation of enzymes
Non-competitive inhibitors bind to the allosteric site. Adding more substrate has no effect on allosteric inhibitors since the inhibitor changes the active site to be “closed”.
Know what feedback inhibition is and how it can be used to control amino acid synthesis.
Here is an example of how this works to control amino acid levels
Feedback inhibition o f amino acid synthesis
Membranes
Review of Lipid and Membrane structure
the above structure is a phospholipid. Note the polar head (top) and hydrophobic tails (bottom). One of the tails is bent due a a double bond.
Lipids arrange themselves in bilayers as described here
Note the round heads oriented toward the outside (water) and the tails oriented toward each other (inside of membrane). This limits transport of many types of molecules (See below)
This image shows the lipid bilayer along with proteins carbohydrates
Functions for membrane proteins
Transport of substances across membranes: the following types of substances can be transported across lipid bilayers without the help of proteins
(1) Non-polar compounds including gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide and larger compounds such as steroids
(2) Water and some very small polar compounds. Water travels slowly
Reception. Membrane proteins help detect internal signals (such as insulin) and external signals (such as sugar, for taste buds). Binding of the compound on the outside triggers a series of reactions that leads to a response.
Recognition For example self vs nonself immune reactions are determined by membrane proteins and or carbohydrates. The difference between blood types A,B AB and O is determined by different carbohydrates.
Formation of organs like liver and stomach can depend on membrane proteins sticking like cells together.
Junction formation Gap, Tight and Adhesion junctions are made of membrane proteins
Role of cholesterol
In cold temperatures, cholesterol breaks up phospholipid packing (in a manner similar to unsaturated fats. This makes the membranes more fluid)
At high temperature, cholesterol limits the lateral movement of phospholipids, thus making the membrane less fluid.
Be able determine whether an environment is hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic to a cell.
Be able to predict what will happen if a plant or animal cell is put in a hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic environment. .
Example:
This video covers membrane transport including endo and exocytosis
Crash Course, Membranes and Transport
Here is a video (also linked in the open stax text showing how receptor mediated endocytosis regulates cholesterol level
Test Your Self on Membrane transport
